The effect of mouth caffeine rinsing on short-distance freestyle swimming performance
Abstract views: 191
/ 
PDF downloads: 122
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10036178Keywords:
Swimming, oral caffeine rinsing, ergogenic aidAbstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of oral caffeine rinsing on short-distance freestyle swimming performance. The research group consists of 48 male swimmers with at least 10 years of training experience (age: 20 ± 2 years, height: 178 ± 4 cm, body weight: 75 ± 5 kg, BMI: 22 ± 2 kg/m²). A double-blind, crossover design was employed, where participants were given either a 25 mL solution containing 3% caffeine or a placebo (water). Performance was measured using FINA-approved Swiss Timing systems. The normal distribution of quantitative variables was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and individual measurement variations were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. In the study, results with a p-value below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The findings indicate that oral caffeine rinsing significantly improved average swimming times for both 25m (Average=16.546 seconds) and 50m (Average=32.455 seconds) distances compared to the placebo condition (Average=16.789 seconds and 32.902 seconds). The results obtained from this research suggest that oral caffeine rinsing could be an effective aid in enhancing short-distance freestyle performance.
References
Aguilar-Navarro, M., Muñoz, G., Salinero, J., Muñoz-Guerra, J., Fernández-Álvarez, M., Plata, M., … et al. (2019). Urine caffeine concentration in doping control samples from 2004 to 2015. Nutrients, (11), 286.
Anderson, D. E., LeGrand, S. E., & McCart, R. D. (2018). Effect of caffeine on sprint cycling in experienced cyclists. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2221-2226.
Beaven, C. M., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L., & Cook, C. (2013). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 633-637.
Bottoms, L., Hurst, H., Scriven, A., Lynch, F., Bolton, J., Vercoe, L., … et al. (2014). The effect of caffeine mouth rinse on self-paced cycling performance. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 10(4), 239-245.
Burke, L. M. (2008). Caffeine and sports performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1319-1334.
Clarke, N. D., Kornilios, E., & Richardson, D. L. (2015). Carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses do not affect maximum strength and muscular endurance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2926-2931.
Costill, D., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10(3), 155-158.
da Silva, W. F., Lopes-Silva, J. P., Camati-Felippe, L. J., Ferreira, G. A., Lima-Silva, A. E., & Silva-Cavalcante, M. D. (2023). Is caffeine mouth rinsing an effective strategy to improve physical and cognitive performance? A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(3), 438-446.
Davis, J., & Green, J. M. (2009). Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Medicine, (39), 813-832.
de Albuquerque Melo, A., Bastos-Silva, V. J., Moura, F. A., Bini, R. R., Lima-Silva, A. E., & de Araujo, G. G. (2021). Caffeine mouth rinse enhances performance, fatigue tolerance and reduces muscle activity during moderate-intensity cycling. Biology of Sport, 38(4), 517-523.
Doering, T. M., Fell, J. W., Leveritt, M. D., Desbrow, B., & Shing, C. M. (2014). The effect of a caffeinated mouth-rinse on endurance cycling time-trial performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(1), 90-97.
Escribano-Ott, I., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2022). Ergo-Nutritional intervention in basketball: A systematic review. Nutrients, 14(3), 638.
Guest, N., Corey, P., Vescovi, J., & El-Sohemy, A. (2018). Caffeine, CYP1A2 genotype, and endurance performance in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(8), 1570-1578.
Hendrix, C. R., Housh, T. J., Mielke, M., Zuniga, J. M., Camic, C. L., Johnson, G. O., … et al. (2010). Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on bench press and leg extension strength and time to exhaustion during cycle ergometry. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 859-865.
Karayigit, R., Ali, A., Rezaei, S., Ersoz, G., Lago-Rodriguez, A., Domínguez, R., … et al. (2021). Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on strength, muscular endurance and cognitive performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, (18), 1-10.
Karuk, H. N., Rudarli-Nalcakan, G., & Pekünlü, E. (2022). Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine combination mouth rinse on anaerobic performance of highly trained male athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(4), 589-599.
Kasper, A. M., Cocking, S., Cockayne, M., Barnard, M., Tench, J., Parker, L., … et al. (2016). Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(5), 560-568.
Kizzi, J., Sum, A., Houston, F. E., & Hayes, L. D. (2016). Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 1087-1094.
Kurtuluş, M., Keskin, K., Günay, M., Kesici, T., & Gökdemir, K. (2023). Genetic differences in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene in endurance athletes (long distance runners) and power/endurance athletes (wrestlers, football players). Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 7(2), 723-730.
Marinho, A. H., Mendes, E. V., Vilela, R. A., Bastos-Silva, V. J., Araujo, G. G., & Balikian, P. (2019). Caffeine mouth rinse has no effects on anaerobic energy yield during a Wingate Test. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(1), 69-74.
Ozan, M., Buzdagli, Y., Eyipinar, C. D., Baygutalp, N. K., Yüce, N., Oget, F., … et al. (2022). Does Single or combined caffeine and taurine supplementation improve athletic and cognitive performance without affecting fatigue level in elite boxers? a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 14(20), 4399.
Pallares, J. G., Fernandez-Elias, V. E., Ortega, J. F., Munoz, G., Munoz-Guerra, J., & Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2013). Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: performance and side effects. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(11), 2184-2192.
Pataky, M., Womack, C., Saunders, M., Goffe, J., D'lugos, A., El‐Sohemy, A., … et al. (2016). Caffeine and 3‐km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(6), 613-619.
Pesta, D. H., Angadi, S. S., Burtscher, M., & Roberts, C. K. (2013). The effects of caffeine, nicotine, ethanol, and tetrahydrocannabinol on exercise performance. Nutrition & Metabolism, (10), 1-15.
Ruiz-Moreno, C., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Lara, B., & Del Coso, J. (2022). Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study. European Journal of Nutrition, 61(6), 3109-3117.
Spriet, L. L. (2014). Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Medicine, (44), 175-184.
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (1994). Caffeine and endurance performance. Sports Medicine, (18), 109-125.
Warren, G. L., Park, N. D., Maresca, R. D., McKibans, K. I., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2010). Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(7), 1375-1387.
Wickham, K. A., & Spriet, L. L. (2018). Administration of caffeine in alternate forms. Sports Medicine, (48), 79-91.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of ROL Sport Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 
